Glossary

A

Amin Scrubbing

Amine scrubbing is a process used for CO₂ capture that is applied in various 
industrial processes, including lime and energy production. In this process, an amine (a chemical compound containing nitrogen) is used to absorb CO₂ from exhaust gases.

Amine scrubbing is particularly effective at removing large amounts of CO₂ from 
flue gases, but it also involves high energy and operating costs as well as significant chemical consumption.

C

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Carbon Capture and Storage“ means the capture, transport and subsequent 
permanent storage of CO2.

Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)

Carbon Capture and Utilization“ means the capture, transport, and subsequent use of carbon compounds—most commonly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂) or 
carbon monoxide (CO)—in which the carbon is introduced into at least one additional utilization cycle.

Carbon Leakage

Carbon Leakage refers to the relocation of CO₂-intensive production processes to countries with less stringent environmental regulations, resulting in emissions not being reduced globally but merely shifted elsewhere.

Carbon Dioxide Storage and Transport Act (KSpTG)

The Carbon Dioxide Storage and Transport Act (KSpTG) is a legal regulation that governs the conditions for the transport and storage of CO₂ in geological 
formations. The aim of the law is to enable the capture, safe transport, and 
permanent storage of carbon dioxide (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS) in order to reduce CO₂ emissions and promote climate protection. The law sets out technical, environmental, and safety-related requirements for CO₂ storage.

 

D

Decarbonisation

In the course of decarbonisation, CO₂ emissions are reduced through the increased use of renewable energy, energy efficiency projects, the replacement of fossil fuels, and the utilisation or storage of process-related emissions, with the goal of 
achieving climate-neutral or climate-friendly economic structures.

 

E

Eco-ready kiln

An Eco-Ready kiln is an energy-efficient and low-emission kiln technology designed for sustainable production processes. These furnaces are engineered to comply with future environmental regulations or to be adapted to them with minimal effort. They utilise modern combustion or heating technologies—such as optimised heat 
recovery, alternative fuels, or digital control systems—to reduce energy consumption and minimize emissions.

Energy Management System (EMS)

An Energy Management System (EMS) is a structured system for monitoring, 
controlling, and optimising energy consumption in companies, organisations, or buildings. 
It encompasses both technical and organisational projects for the efficient use of energy, aiming to reduce costs, conserve resources, and minimise environmental 
impact. An EMS can be based on standards such as ISO 50001 and typically 
includes the collection and analysis of energy data, as well as the implementation and evaluation of efficiency projects.

 

G

GGR Kiln - parallel-flow regenative kiln (PFR)

The kiln consists of two to three shafts connected by an overcurrent channel. In this setup, the flue gases from the first shaft are directed into the second and third shafts and used to preheat the limestone to be calcined there. The efficiency of a GGR kiln exceeds 80%, which is at least 15% higher than that of other lime kilns commonly used in industry, thereby contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

 

Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol)

A globally recognised framework for accounting and reporting greenhouse gas 
emissions for companies and organisations, which sets standards for the emission categories (Scopes).

H

H2 Infrastructure

The H₂ infrastructure covers all technical and logistical systems required for the production, storage, distribution, and use of hydrogen (H₂)
This includes electrolysis plants, hydrogen storage facilities, pipelines, refueling 
stations, as well as industrial and mobile applications. A well-developed 
H₂ infrastructure is crucial for the use of hydrogen as a climate-friendly energy 
carrier in industry.

 

Hydrogen

Differences in production:

Green Hydrogen
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources (e.g., wind or solar power). This process generates no CO₂ emissions.

Blue Hydrogen
Blue hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels (mostly natural gas) through steam reforming. The resulting CO₂ is captured and stored using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, thereby reducing emissions.

Gray Hydrogen
Gray hydrogen is also produced from fossil fuels through steam reforming, but without CO₂ capture. As a result, it generates significant CO₂ emissions.

O

Offshore/Onshore Storage of CO₂

Offshore storage refers to the permanent injection of captured carbon dioxide into geological formations beneath the seabed, for example in former oil and gas fields or saline aquifers.

Onshore storage refers to the injection of captured carbon dioxide into underground rock formations on land, such as deep saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs.

Saline aquifers are water-bearing rock layers that contain saline water. They are 
often found in deep geological formations and, due to their high salt content, are generally not suitable for drinking water supply. However, they play an important role in CO₂ storage (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS), as they can serve as potential reservoirs for captured carbon dioxide.

Oxy-fuel kiln

An oxy-fuel kiln is a specialised kiln that uses pure oxygen instead of regular air for fuel combustion. This process offers several advantages, particularly for CO₂ 
capture, as the flue gas stream consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water, significantly facilitating the separation of CO₂.

P

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics is a technology for the direct conversion of sunlight into electrical 
energy using solar cells, which are combined into modules and used for sustainable electricity generation.

Product Carbon Footprint (PCF)

The Product Carbon Footprint measures the total amount of greenhouse gas 
emissions released over the entire life cycle of a product—from raw material 
extraction through production, transport, and use to disposal. 
It is usually expressed in CO₂ equivalents and is used to assess the climate impact of a product.

Pressure Swing Adsorption

Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a process for separating gas mixtures
commonly used for CO₂ capture as well as for producing pure oxygen or nitrogen. 
It is based on the different adsorption affinities of gases at varying pressures.

Compared to other CO₂ capture methods, PSA requires relatively little energy since high temperatures are not needed.

No chemical reactions are involved, so harmful chemicals do not need to be used or disposed of.

PSA is particularly useful in applications where high gas purities are required and the handling of large gas streams is necessary.

S

Scopes

The scopes are a classification of a company’s or organisation’s greenhouse gas emissions, defined by international standards such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol). They serve to systematically capture sources of emissions and 
enable targeted reduction projects.

Scope 1 – Direct emissions: These are emissions directly caused by the organisation’s own operations, such as the combustion of fossil fuels in company-owned facilities.

Scope 2 – Indirect energy-related emissions: These include emissions generated during the production of purchased energy (e.g., electricity, heat, cooling, or steam) but not directly emitted by the company itself.

Scope 3 – Indirect emissions along the value chain: This category covers all other indirect emissions that occur outside the company but within its value chain. Examples include emissions from transportation, the production of purchased 
materials, the use of sold products, or employee business travel.

Considering all three scopes is essential for creating a 
comprehensive climate balance and developing effective decarbonisation strategies.

Secondary Wood

Secondary wood refers to reused or recycled wood materials from demolition, 
industrial, or reclaimed wood sources, contributing to resource conservation and emission reduction.

T

Transformation

Transformation refers to a fundamental change or process of transformation within systems, structures, or processes
It can affect economic, technological, ecological, or social areas and often occurs through innovations, new frameworks, or changing requirements. 
In businesses and industries, transformation describes the adaptation to new 
market conditions, digital developments, or sustainable production methods.